Update and guidance on management of myopia.: European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

Authors

• János Németh, Semmelweis University
• Beáta Tapasztó, Semmelweis University
• Wagih A. Aclimandos, King’s College Hospital
• Philippe Kestelyn, Ghent University
• Jost B. Jonas, University of Heidelberg
• Jan Tjeerd H.N. De Faber, Rotterdam Eye Hospital
• Ingrida Januleviciene, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
• Andrzej Grzybowski, University of Warmia and Mazury
• Zoltán Zsolt Nagy, Semmelweis University
• Olavi Pärssinen, University of Jyvaskyla
• Jeremy A. Guggenheim, Cardiff University
• Peter M. Allen, Anglia Ruskin University
• Rigmor C. Baraas, University of South-Eastern Norway
• Kathryn J. Saunders, Ulster University
• Daniel Ian Flitcroft, Centre for Eye Research Ireland (CERI)
• Lyle S. Gray, Glasgow Caledonian University
• Jan Roelof Polling, Erasmus MC
• Annechien E.G. Haarman, Erasmus MC
• J. Willem L. Tideman, Erasmus MC
• James Stuart Wolffsohn, Aston University
• Siegfried Wahl, Eberhard Karls Universitaet Tuebingen
• Jeroen A. Mulder, Hu University of Applied Sciences
• Irina Yurievna Smirnova, Siberian Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Myopia “Glazka”
• Marino Formenti, Universita Degli Studi Di Padova
• Hema Radhakrishnan, University of Manchester
• Serge Resnikoff, UNSW Sydney

ORCID

• Daniel Ian Flitcroft: 0000-0002-7004-6026

Abstract

The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details.

Keywords

atropine, blindness, Myopia, myopia reduction interventions, orthokeratology, pathologic myopia, preventive medicine, time spent outdoors

DOI Link

10.1177/1120672121998960

Publication Date

2021-03-05

Publication Title

European Journal of Ophthalmology

Volume

31

Issue

3

ISSN

1120-6721

First Page

853

Last Page

883

Deposit Date

2026-08-11

Funding

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial sup-port for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: AG is funded by Institute for Research in Ophthalmology (Number: Unrestricted Grant 1/2020). JAG is funded by Welsh Government and Fight for Sight (Number: 24WG201). The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the online publication of this article: The open access fee for this publication is paid by the International Myopia Institute (IMI).

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License.

Additional Links

https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85102122642

Recommended Citation

Németh, János; Tapasztó, Beáta; Aclimandos, Wagih A.; Kestelyn, Philippe; Jonas, Jost B.; De Faber, Jan Tjeerd H.N.; Januleviciene, Ingrida; Grzybowski, Andrzej; Nagy, Zoltán Zsolt; Pärssinen, Olavi; Guggenheim, Jeremy A.; Allen, Peter M.; Baraas, Rigmor C.; Saunders, Kathryn J.; Flitcroft, Daniel Ian; Gray, Lyle S.; Polling, Jan Roelof; Haarman, Annechien E.G.; Tideman, J. Willem L.; Wolffsohn, James Stuart; Wahl, Siegfried; Mulder, Jeroen A.; Smirnova, Irina Yurievna; Formenti, Marino; Radhakrishnan, Hema; and Resnikoff, Serge, "Update and guidance on management of myopia.: European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute" (2021). Research Outputs: 2025-Present. 5.
https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ceyerro/5