IMI—Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025

Authors

• Mark A. Bullimore, University of Houston College of Optometry
• Kathryn J. Saunders, Ulster University
• Rigmor C. Baraas, University of South-Eastern Norway
• David A. Berntsen, University of Houston College of Optometry
• Zhi Chen, Fudan University
• Audrey Wei Lin Chia, Singapore National Eye Centre
• So Goto, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
• Jun Jiang, Wenzhou Medical University
• Weizhong Lan, Central South University
• Nicola S. Logan, Aston University
• Raymond P. Najjar, Singapore Eye Research Institute
• Jan Roelof Polling, Erasmus MC
• Scott A. Read, Queensland University of Technology
• Emily C. Woodman-Pieterse, Queensland University of Technology
• Noémi Széll, University of Debrecen
• Pavan K. Verkicharla, L v Prasad Eye Institute
• Pei Chang Wu, Chang-Gung University
• Xiaoying Zhu, SUNY College of Optometry
• James Loughman, Centre for Eye Research Ireland (CERI)
• Manbir Nagra, School of Medicine
• John R. Phillips, University of Auckland
• Huy D.M. Tran, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
• Fuensanta A. Vera-Diaz, New England College of Optometry
• Jason Yam, Chinese University of Hong Kong
• Yue M. Liu, University of California-Berkeley
• Sarah E. Singh, University of California-Berkeley
• Christine F. Wildsoet, University of California-Berkeley

ORCID

• James Loughman: 0000-0003-3130-8991

Abstract

Myopia is recognized as a significant public health problem, particularly in East and Southeast Asia. This has led to the development and evaluation of a range of interventions to slow its progression and delay its onset. Since the publication of the 2019 International Myopia Institute’s review of interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression, treatment options have continued to grow in number. This article reviews the efficacy of such interventions under five categories: optical, pharmacological, environmental (behavioral), colored light, and surgical. In summarizing the efficacy of mature technologies, only randomized controlled trials were considered, although such data are very limited for emerging treatments. The overall conclusion is that there are multiple effective interventions in most categories. Further research should aim to understand the mechanisms underlying myopia progression and the modalities that slow its progression in order to develop more effective treatments.

Keywords

axial length, behavioral, children, myopia, myopia control, myopia prevention, optical, pharmacological, surgical

DOI Link

10.1167/iovs.66.12.39

Publication Date

2025-01-01

Publication Title

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science

Volume

66

Issue

12

ISSN

0146-0404

Deposit Date

2026-02-25

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 International License.

Additional Links

https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105016102419

Recommended Citation

Bullimore, Mark A.; Saunders, Kathryn J.; Baraas, Rigmor C.; Berntsen, David A.; Chen, Zhi; Chia, Audrey Wei Lin; Goto, So; Jiang, Jun; Lan, Weizhong; Logan, Nicola S.; Najjar, Raymond P.; Polling, Jan Roelof; Read, Scott A.; Woodman-Pieterse, Emily C.; Széll, Noémi; Verkicharla, Pavan K.; Wu, Pei Chang; Zhu, Xiaoying; Loughman, James; Nagra, Manbir; Phillips, John R.; Tran, Huy D.M.; Vera-Diaz, Fuensanta A.; Yam, Jason; Liu, Yue M.; Singh, Sarah E.; and Wildsoet, Christine F., "IMI—Interventions for Controlling Myopia Onset and Progression 2025" (2025). Research Outputs: 2025-Present. 1.
https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ceyerro/1